Exploring Mimicry and Visual Communication in Woodpeckers: A Field Study Utilizing 3D-Printed Models
Date of Award
5-2025
Access Control
Open Access
Degree Name
Biology, M.A.
Department
Biology
Advisor
Gavin Leighton
First Reader
Gavin Leighton
Second Reader
Daniel Potts
Third Reader
Robert Warren II
Abstract
The evolution of similar phenotypes poses an interesting challenge in evolutionary biology. While divergent ecologies may drive differing morphology, physiology, or behavior, similar phenotypes are often due to similar ecology or selection for mimicry. One prominent case of mimetic phenotypes is found in hairy and downy woodpeckers. While several hypotheses might explain the hairy-downy mimicry complex, I aimed to assess the idea that downy woodpeckers benefit from resembling hairy woodpeckers. To test this hypothesis, I used 3D-printed models of various woodpecker species in the field. These models were painted with colors that resemble woodpecker species. The experimental conditions were 3D models of hairy and downy woodpeckers, while I also employed red-bellied and white-headed woodpeckers, both the size of a downy. My controls were unpainted models and trials with no physical 3D-printed model. For further support, I included taxidermied hairy and downy woodpecker specimens. In the experimental trials, I recorded several behaviors of wild birds to compare across experimental conditions. The experiments were conducted in diverse environments throughout Western New York across multiple seasons. My findings underscore the complex interaction between mimicry and visual communication in woodpeckers. Specifically, my results showed that the downy specimen induced more fleeing behavior than any other mount type, indicating a stronger aversive response. When birds did choose to land, they showed a significant preference for landing on the opposite side from both the hairy specimen and hairy mount at statistically comparable rates. The consistent avoidance patterns between hairy and downy mounts, particularly in landing position choices, suggest that birds may perceive and respond to these different models similarly, supporting the effectiveness of the mimetic relationship.
Recommended Citation
Smith, Lauren M., "Exploring Mimicry and Visual Communication in Woodpeckers: A Field Study Utilizing 3D-Printed Models" (2025). Biology Theses. 54.
https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/biology_theses/54
